by Operator responsibilities
Right product
Finished product
Specified quality requirements
Health
Safety
Well-being of others
Environment
Operator activities
Starting and stopping
Checking
Assessing parameters
Sampling
Reporting
Maintenance
An Operator has to stay calm, and think to solve problems!
Batch and Continuous processes
A process is a number of operations in a fixed order; we know batch and continuous processes.
Batch processes
processing in portions
small quantities
speciality products
complicated chemical processes
Continuous processes
uninterrupted operation
constant supply
automated processes
large and extremely large quantities (bulk)
simple and easy to control
mall functions are often more complicated
New Process )total development can take up to 10 years)
Development of a process
product study
market research
experimental stage
scaling up
pilot plant
design stage
new plant
Substances
Water )surface water, spring water and tap water)
cooling
cleaning
raw material
auxiliary material
Quantity
clarity
microbial or bacterial content
colour
hardness
Steam
Purposes
heating
generating electricity
power machines
power source
environmentally friendly
non flammable
non toxic
In boilers we produce steam, the steam absorbs heat energy when it evaporates and heat is released when the steam condense
Steam is a very good heat transfer medium because it can absorb a big amount of heat, and is very good to transport by pipelines to its destination
There are a number of different kinds of steam
Steam what is exactly at boiling temperature, and which no longer contains any water in de vapour fase, is called saturated steam. In practice this steam is still wet because of the tiny water particles in the steam. Water particles can contain corrosion in pipelines and in turbines, so they have to be removed by “steam traps
If we heat saturated steam further above its boiling point we call it dry or superheated steam
In order to prevent any water particles in machinery every equipment is equipped with a steam trap, to remove all the water particles from the steam.
Depending on the pressure level of the steam we have
Low pressure steam )(mentioned for drying purposes)
Medium pressure steam )used for heat transfer
High pressure steam (to driven turbines at 80 – 120 bar, and above 200°C)
Compressed air)pneumatics)
Compressed air is air at a high pressure, used for the following purposes
empty
flush out pipelines
drive machines)contains a little oil to prevent friction)
In process control, valves, it is used for measurement and control equipment
Instrument air is dried clean air, without oil particles, mentioned for
operating instruments
breathing air
